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LOCATION OF 

FORT CREVECOEUR 



||PC»»' 



BY 

DAN R. SHEEN 

PEORIA. ILL. 



Copyright 1919 
. by 
Dau R. Sheen, Peoria. 111. 



APR 19 !9I9 



C, 



Location of Fort Creveeoeur 



by 

Dan R. Sheen 
Peoria, 111. 



FORT CREVECOEUR (pronounced Cravekur) was the first struc- 
ture erected by white men in what is now known as the State of Illinois. 
It was built in the year 1680, by Rene Robert Cavalier, who was en- 
nobled by King Louis the Fourteenth of France as Sieur de LaSalle, 
aided by thirty-one other Frenchmen who came with him from Fort 
Frontenac, now at Kingston, in Canada; and, also, by some of that part 
of the tribe of Illinois Indians that occupied the two villages, on each 
side of the Illinois River, near a place then called "Peoria", where he 
landed and built the Fort. He began the work on the fifteenth day of 
January, 1G80, and the fort was practically completed on the twenty- 
second day of March of the same year, when he left his Lieutenant, 
iienry de Tonty, in charge of it and, taking with him two canoes and 
six men, went back to Fort Frontenac (Illinois Historical Collections, 
Vol. 1, pages 87 and 131). A few days after his departure he sent 
word back to Tonty to build a fort at Starved Rock, near OttkWa, and 
Tonty went up there for that purpose with some of his men. Those 
who remained at the fort, stripped the place of everything valilftble, 
and threw what they could not carry into the river. It is generally- 
believed that they burned the fort; but, the Iroquois Indians on the 
tenth of September of that year waged war against the Illinois Indians, 
for whose protection in part LaSalle said, in getting their permission 
to build the fort, it was to be built; and, it is probable that in the battle 
between those tribes, at that time, the fort was burned. Tonty tells of 
the desertion of his men, and says that they left him stripped of every- 
thing, but he does not say they burned the fort, something he would 
have been apt to mention if it had occurred (Vol. 1, Illinois Ilistorical 
Collections, Pages 80, 81 and 132). During the two hundred and thir- 
ty-nine years that have since elapsed, history, conjecture, and tradi- 
tion, have been so confused that the site of the fort has become lofet. 

FIVE ALLEGED SITES EXIST 

That the fort was built on the east side of the River at Peoria is 
no longer questioned. The writings of those who saw Fort Creveeoeur 
show the following facts. 



First : It was a league from Pimiteoui. 

Second : It was half a league from Omaha's camp. 

Third: It was an hour's ride in a canoe below ice on the 

river in March, 1680. 

Fourth : It was defended on one side by the river. 

Fifth : It had a marsh in front of it. 

Sixth : The main bank of the river was 200 paces from it. 

Seventh : The river in the rainy season spread to it. 

Eighth: It was near the Indian villages were LaSalle 
landed. 

Ninth: It was on a "Little Mound" or "Knoll" or "Hil- 

lock" or "Eminence." 

Tenth : It was adjoining woods. 

Eleventh: It had wide deep ravines, made by rains, on two 
sides of it and on part of another side. 

Twelfth: It was near water that did not freeze much in 
winter. 

These facts must all concur to establish the location of the site. All 
five of the alleged sites are on the east side of the river opposite the 
City of Peoria. Two of them are on the top of the bluffs about five 
miles apart. The lower hill site is opposite the lower end of the City 
of Peoria, and the ui)i)cr hill site about opposite the dividing line be- 
tween the City of Peoria and the Village of Averyville. There are 
three alleged sites in the Vallej^ all at a lower altitude of at least one 
hundred and fifty feet, and all close to the river. The first site selected 
in the Valley was where Wesley City stands. Mr. Charles Ballance, a 
resident of Peoria from 1831 to- his death in 1873, published a history 
of Peoria County shortly before his death fixing Wesley City as the 
real site. About the year 1902 the Peoria Chapter of the D. A. R. 
located the lower hill site at a point a little below Wesley City, and 
a quarter of a mile or more back from the river. They placed a stone 
monument, suitably inscribed, upon it . About the same time the Peoria 
Historical Association established the upper hill site, about half n mile 
back from the river or lake, and also marked the place with a stone 
monument suitably inscribed. About the year 1910 in the Village of 
East Peoria, about equi-distant from the hill sites, the writer selected 
one of the valley sites. The other valley site was located by Arthur 
Lagron, a French engineer and surveyor of Peoria, about the year 
1913, in a Railroad yard a little above Wesley City. These five sites 



we will call respectively, the WESLEY CITY SITE, the LOWER 
HILL SITE, the UPPER HILL SITE, the EAST PEORIA SITE, and 
tlie RAILROAD YARD SITE. 

RELIABLE DATA CONCERNING THE SITE 

Father Louis Hennepin was the historian of the LaSalle enterprize. 
He published two accounts of it; the first at Paris in 1683, entitled 
"Description de La Louisane"; and, the other in two volumes pub- 
lished in Utrecht in lfi97 and 1698 entitled "A NEW DISCOVERY." 
The first publication was not translated into English until the year 
1880. It is found in Volume 1, Illinois Historical Collection, pages 
46 to 95 inclusive. The second account is published by Reuben Gold 
Thwait. Both are in the Peoria Public Library. LaSalle did not pub- 
lish a connected account of his discoveries. His writings are frag- 
mentary, but are complete for the purpose of locating the site of the 
fort. Henry de Tonty was LaSalle 's lieutenant, and his writings are 
meagre. They are principally a short memoir, found in said Volume 1, 
pages 128 to 164 inclusive, covering a period from 1678 to 1693, and 
incliide the murder of LaSalle in what is now the State of Texas, in 
March, 1687, by three of his voyageurs, Duhault (or Duhaut), Lanctot 
(or Liotot) and Heinz. Father Zenobius Membre was one of the three 
Catholic Friars who accompanied LaSalle. He was a guest of Chief 
Omaha, whose camp was half a league from Fort Crevecoeur, while 
the fort was being built, and made frequent visits to the fort. He 
wrote somewhat about the fort. Jean Baptiste Louis Franquelin was 
appointed by the French court to be hydrographer, to furnish a map 
of LaSalle 's discoveries along the Illinois and Mississippi valleys. He 
made a map in 1684, under the auspices of LaSalle, having commenced 
it in 1679. It was six feet long and four and one-half feet wide and 
showed among other things the valley and the river at Peoria, and the 
hills adjoining, and pictured Fort Crevecoeur as located in the valley 
upon the river. The original of the map became lost, but a copy of it 
is to be found in Parkman's "LaSalle and the Great Northwest"; 
and, also in "Jesuit Relations", Vol. 63; and, also, in Vol. 1 "Chicago 
and its Builders." These copies are all alike, and we furnish a copy 
of one of them. Those five persons LaSalle, Hennepin, Tonty, Membre, 
and Franquelin, are the only ones known to have seen the fort or its 
ruins who tell us where it was located. They do not contradict each 
other about it, and need no corroboration. Hearsay, and conjecture, 
cannot be used to contradict them. A great many writers, most of them 
born more than a hundred years after the fort was destroyed, have 
expressed opinions about its location, among whom are Aubry, Bal- 

3 



toce,^Ban0roft, Beckwlth, Breese, Brown, Coxe, Charlevoix, Craig, 
Drowji, Davidson .and Stuve, Edwards, Falconer, Ferris, Flint, Ford, 
French, Gayerre, Gale, Gravier, Hosmer, Leclercq, Marest, Mason, 
Matson, McLaughlin, McCiilloch, Margry, Moses, John Moses, Park- 
man, Peck,- Perkin;??,: ReynDlds, Rice, Shea, Sparks, Thevenot, Winsor, 
Zotz, Chicago Tribune, November 15th, 1889, and Chicago Tribune, 
February 24th, 1895. 'l ■',' "". 

J^^'' 'first, THE.pORTii. league FROM PIM;ITE0UI 

!j>v LaSall^yas found in) Mdrgry, Vol. 2, page 247, speaking of the 
^Viiidth of 41i©Elihoi^Rivm' said, "But at different places as at Pimiteoui, 
a league ea$t of Crevecoeur, and two or three other places," etc. This 
giv*^s. the distance that the fort was from Pimiteoui, and indicates that 
the word "Pimiteoui" as here used means a Village. That Pimiteoui 
w^s not only ia'dake- which ex'tendied from the^ Narrows abov-e. Peoria 
to near Laeon, i An Marshal 1 GWmty, but was also a Village probably 
located K>n ten mile creek which: empties about mid-way The Narrows, 
appeAts l)y.a photo of a map possessed by the writer obtained from 
the Public Archives of Canada, <at Ottawa. The Narrows is a strait 
ii^necting-ithe Lake opposite Peoria with the one above it, and is about 
It'mile and a half long; At that point, in early days of modern settle- 
'inwit, there was a jdace called "Little Detroit," l^eautifully situated for 
'^I'U Indian village, which we think was formerly tlie village of Pimiteoui. 
Sometimes the Village was mentioned l)y the early writers, and some- 
times' 'the Lake. As for instance, LaSalle speaking of his second, tri}) 
down the River, as' stated in Margry, Vol. 2, page 133, says, '-^On arr 
riving at Pimiteoui or Crevecoeur were found the remains of the de- 
struction of the deserters." Here the fort seems connected with the 
vi^'fegfe, and the Village must l)e referred to l)ecause in the Lake there 
could be no remains of the destruction of the deserters. Phillip Francis 
Rehault,directoi' general of the mines of the company of the Indies, 
imd' formerly a banker in Paris, obtained several concessions or tracts 
of land in 1723, one of which was described as: "One league at front 
•at^-Pimiteau, on the Illinois River facing the east and adjoining the 
7oi/i-'^ bearing the name of thaVilldgp, and. on the other side of the banks 
of the village for-htilf a league al)ove it, with a depth of five leagues, 
the point of the compass following the Illinois River down the same 
u]ion oiie side, and ascending by the river Arcary which forms the 
middle through the rest of the de]ith." (History of Peoria City and 
'County (Rice^s Vol. 1, page 34). We quote from the same history 
^^>f<>llows::- "Ilere'we have the fact well authenticated by a grant of 
land based -thereci^n that in 1723 there existed at Pimiteoui a village 

4r 



bearing the same name as the lake upon which it was situated. Whether 
or not this is the same village mentioned by Marquette, St. Cosme, and 
Greviere, does not ajipear. But that it was a French village can 
scarcely be doubted. This grant of land made June 14th, 1723, was 
considered in Congress, and is a matter of record there, and is part 
of the registry of lands entered in Edwardsville, in 1820, by Edward 
Coles, register. He made report to congress that year stating among 
other things that Charlotte Troge, nee St. Francois, laid claim to a 
lot containing two arpents situated two miles above Fort Clark, near 
*'OLD FORT PEORIA." This claim was under what was known as 
''Ancient Grants," which preceded all recorded title and was also recog- 
nized by Congress." 

LaSalle wrote to one of his friends, as found in Margry, 2nd Vol. 
of date September 29, 1680, as follows: "We went four days towards 
the quarter south of the southwest of the river and arrived the fifth 
day of January at a place called by the natives "Pimiteoui." They 
wanted us to settle among them but we answered we could not on 
account of the Iroquois who were subjects of the King, but asked for 
permission to build a fort to help them to defend their rights in case 
the Iroquois would attack them. To this they agreed, and after some 
discussion we decided to build the fort. ' ' The word ' ' Pimiteoui ' ' means 
a place of "fat beasts," and would not apply to a body of water, with- 
out the word lake attached. When therefore, LaSalle says, "As at 
Pimiteoui a league east of Crevecoeur, he evidently referred to the 
village of Pimiteoui and not to the lake of that name. The river Arcary 
above mentioned, was the Kickapoo Creek, and as the distance from 
the land claimed by Charlotte Troge was situated two miles above Fort 
Clark, and as the River Arcary was the "middle through the rest of 
the depth" and the depth was five leagues, extending one league above 
Pimiteoui on one side and half a league on the other side of the river, 
it would follow that there would be about two leagues between 
Pimiteoui and the Kickapoo Creek. Two leagues would be six miles, 
and that is the distance from the lower end of the lake above Peoria 
to the Kickapoo Creek; and from the supposed Village on Ten Mile 
Creek, to the Kickapoo Creek. This would place the lower end of Lake 
Pimiteoui, and the Village of Pimiteoui, at the upper end of the Nar- 
rows; and, a league west of that point would be where the East Peoria 
site of the Fort is located. But, assuming, as has been generally done, 
that Lake Pimiteoui, and not the Village Pimiteoui, was meant, the 
result will be the same; for. Lake Pimiteoui as described by LaSalle, 
in Margry, Second Volume, is as follows : 

"After passing the Chassagaogh River, which is ten leagues or 

5 



twenty-four and four-fifths miles from Fort St. Louis, at the right side 
of the river going down about seventeen miles below, is Lake Pimiteoui, 
which is eighteen to nineteen miles long and about three miles wide 
at the widest point. Lake Pimiteoui is formed by three Lakes which 
have communication with each other by as many straits. The first laJ^e 
is bordered at the west by nice fields, and at the east by timber the 
base of which is in water. These timbers extend to the bottom of the 
hills. All along the three lakes, the river is bordered with real heavy 
timbers, on the east and southeast. The smallest lake, or center lake, 
extends more to the west side shore which shore is formed by pretty 
tall hills also covered with timber. From the third lake some fields 
can be seen. From there the river gets smaller and narrower until it 
reaches another small lake between two chains of hills. These hills are 
sometimes further away from, and at other times nearer to the river 
bank, leaving between them and the river, a long space covered with 
timbers intersected by swamps. These swamps are flooded over when- 
ever the water gets higher on account of heavy rain. At about two 
miles and a half below the Lake Pimiteoui on the left side going down, 
the bank of the river is all covered by timber, and the shore is gradually 
sloping down towards the bank of the river, until it reaches the foot 
of the hill." 

IjaSalle has here descrilxMl the three lakes so accurately that there 
can be no mistake in saying that the island at Chillicothe, which is 
a mile and a half long, creates two of the straits that connect the upper 
two lakes. To leave out that island there could be only two straits 
between the three connected lakes. From the island upwards the state- 
ment describes the first or northerly lake as now found, allowing for 
the fill of two hundred and thirty-nine years. From the island down 
the description of the middle lake is accurate. Then from a point near 
Rome down to the Narrows is a good description of the fine fields that 
l)order the third lake or the one just above the Narrows north of Peoria. 
This arrangement puts a small lake in the center. Having said that from 
Fort St. Louis to Lake Pimiteoui is twenty-four and four-fifths miles 
plus seventeen miles, or practically forty-two miles, we must commence 
at the latter point for the head of the lake. The Federal Government 
in 1902 made measurements of, and boi'ings in the Illinois River which 
show that Foi't St. Louis, which w^as at Starved Rock is two hundred and 
thirty-one miles above the mouth of the Illinois River. Deducting the 
forty-two miles mentioned, would bring us to a point one hundi-(>d and 
eighty-nine miles above the mouth of the river. I^acon and Sparland 
are opposite each other on different sides of the river, and the last 
mentioned point would be between them. Lake Pimiteoui being 



6 



eighteen or nineteen miles long, its lower end, measured as nineteen 
miles, would be at a point one hundred and seventy miles above the 
mouth of the river or about two miles above the lower end of the lake 
above the Narrows. This difference of two miles can be accounted for 
in whole or in part by the fact that the government measurements fol- 
low the thread of the river which is somewhat tortuous, and the dis- 
tance measured would be, in that way, longer than measured in a 
straight line or even as run according to canoe travel, two hundred and 
thirty-nine years ago. Lake Pimiteoui can not be stretched so as to 
reach the lower lake opposite Peoria, nor so as to make of it four lakes 
instead of three. The Narrows being one mile and one-half long, and 
the lake opposite Peoria two and one-half miles long, the inclusion of 
these four miles would make Lake Pimiteoui that distance too long, 
and preclude the finding of a bank of the river two and one-half miles 
below it on the left hand side going down, covered by timber, and the 
shore gradually sloping toward the bank of the river from the foot of 
the hills. Two and one-half miles below the lake opposite Peoria on 
the left hand side going down are found steep hills adjoining the river 
while the gradual slope mentioned is two and a half miles below the lake 
n))Ovo Peoria. The borings by the government, as shown by the sheets 
of survey in the offices at the county seat along the river prove that at 
Lacon the fill in the river is four feet of mud, twelve feet of sand and 
two feet of gravel. From the island at Chillicothe up the river, for the 
tight or ten miles to Lacon, natural streams of water flow into the river 
such as Senatchwine, McLaughlin and Gimlet creeks from the west and 
( -row creek and Strawn creek from the east which for the past two hun- 
dred and thirty-nine years have been carrying detritrus into the river. 
Along that line are ponds and byous not yet filled, in the vallej^ called 
"Swan Lake," Big Meadow Lake, Mud Lake, Grar Lake, Goose Pond, 
Whitmans Lake, Bab's Slough, Sawyer's Slough, Horshon Slough, 
Douglas Slough, McQueen Pond, Eice Pond, Round Pond, etc., 
which are evidently the remains of a lake that extended from Ijacon 
to Chillicothe in 1680, and from Lacon upward prior to that time. 
Treating Like Pimiteoui as ending above the Narrows at Peoria, meas- 
uring one league below, will nearly reach the East Peoria site of 
( -revecoeur. But, we would have to go about a league further down the 
river to reach any of the three sites at and near Wesley City. We 
therefore contend that whether we measure a league from the Village of 
Pimiteoui, or from the Lake Pimiteoui, the East Peoria site will fit the 
record, and that this is not true, of any of the other sites. The upper 
liill site would not be half a league from the probable location of the 
Village of Pimiteoui nor from the Lake of that name. 



SECOND, THE FORT HALF A LEAGUE FROM OMAHA'S CAMP 

Hennepin, in his first publication, as found in Volume 1, Illinois 
Historical Collections, pages 77 to 91, after describing the fort, says : 
"Father Zenobel (Membre), who had desired to have the great mis- 
sion of the Illinois, composed of about seven or eight thousand souls, 
began to weary of it. We spoke about it to Sieur de LaSalle who made 
a present of three axes to the Father's Host by name "Omaha", that 
is to say the wolf, who was Chief of a family or tribe in order that he 
might take eare to maintain the father whom this father called his son, 
and who lodged him and considered him as one of his children. This 
father, who was only half a league from the fort, came to explain to 
us the subject of his troubles." 

THIRD, AN HOUR'S RIDE IN A CANOE TO ICE IN MARCH, 1680 

LaSalle in Margry, Vol. 2, page 55, says: "I embarked with six 
Frenchmen in two canoes, the river being open in front of the fort. 
But lue had not gone an hour until we had found ice. I believe the lack 
of the current and the place was the cause of the ice remaining so long, 
and did not want to quit my canoes. We made two sleds and dragged 
our equii^ment and canoes upon them and drew them to the, end of the 
lake which is seven or eight leagues long." The distance from the 
Wesley City sites to the lower end of the lake ojDposite Peoria by way 
of the river, is about three miles, and it has been assumed by the advo- 
cates of those sites that it was in the lake opposite Peoria where 
LaSalle found the ice. This cannot be true because he could not draw 
his canoes from the lower end of the lake opposite Peoria to the upper 
lake above the Narrows as the Narrows has never been known to 
freeze over, and, the current there was certainly swifter at that time 
than it is now. The east shore of the lake opposite Peoria, on account 
of Spring Water that flows there, would certainly be free from ice at 
that time, and hence there would be no need to drag the sleds there. 
Colonel James M. Rice, author of the first ten chapters of a late publi- 
cation, known as "Peoria County and City" in Chapter 5 on page 28, 
speaking of this fact, says, "The numerous springs coming into the 
river would keep it (the river) open and free from ice a much greater 
part of the year, than it would be a little further up." Treating the 
current at the Narrows as being swift enough to carry the eight canoes 
of T^aSalle and his company to the shore, as stated by LnSalle and 
Hennepin, and considering the fact tliat the spring water along tlie 
east shore has been carried in artificial channels, toward the lake, in- 
stead of being allowed to follow the natural course that it would take 
before the two hundred and thirty-nine years of fill have deflected it, 

8 



and it is reasonably certaiu that the swift current of the Narrows met 
the spring water along the east side of the lake opposite Peoria, and 
tliiis, the lake opposite Peoria, or the point from Pimiteoui whether 
lake or village, downward, was open for canoe travel. Canoes paddled 
up stream would make only about three miles an hour, and from the 
East Peoria site to the upper end of the Narrows would be about that 
distance; while, from Wesley City the distance would be about six 
miles. The Indians were traveling in their canoes up that side of the 
lake to their camp that winter which is conceded to have been just be- 
low the Narrows, as Hennepin says (Illinois Historical Collection, Vol. 
1, pages 91 and 95). LaSalle's statement, that, ''We had not gone an 
]iour until we had found ice," makes the time less than an hour, and 
from Wesley City would require the canoe speed through a strong cur- 
rent at the mouth of the lake opposite Peoria, and also at the Narrows 
to be at the rate of about six miles an hour. There is no reason for tlie 
assumption that the east side of the lake was impassable for canoe 
travel on March 22nd opposite the present City of Peoria where it was 
free for the young warrior that Hennepin says paddled past the fort 
that winter, and for the hunting party that Hennepin tells about meet- 
ing on the last day of February on his way down to the Mississippi. 

FOURTH, IT Wi\jS DEFENDED ON ONE SIDE BY THE RIVER 

Hennepin in his second account of Fort Crevecoeur, as found in 
''A New Discovery" by Ruben Gold Thwait, page 170, says, ''LaSalle 
desired me to go do2vn the river with him to choose a place to build 
a fort. We pitched upon an eminence on the bank of the river defended 
on one side by the river." This defense by the river on one side, is not 
contradicted by any person, or any fact, so far as we know. LaSalle 
and Hennepin both speak of the fortification on three sides of the fort, 
I)ut never mention the fortitication on the river side. 

FIFTH, IT HAD A MARSH IN FRONT OF IT 
Francis Parkman, author of "LaSalle and the Discovery of the 
Great West" took several trips to Paris and saw documents there 
about LaSalle and the fort that are not yet translated into English. On 
j)age 159 he says: ''In the middle of January a thaw broke up the ice 
which had closed the river, and he (LaSalle) set out in a canoe with 
llennei)in to visit the site he had chosen for his projected fort. It was 
/la// a leag-ue beloiv the camf on a low hill or knoll, two hundred yards 
from the southern bank. On either side was a deep ravine and in front 
a marshy tract overflowed at high water. This marshy tract will be 
found at the East Peoria site, where it still ovei-flows in high water on 
the river side of the site, 

9 



SIXI'lI, THE MAIN BANK OP THE UIVEK WAS 200 PACES 

FROM IT 

Hennepin, in both of his accounts of the fort, gives us this distance. 
We quote from his first account Illinois Historical Collection, Vol 1, 
])age S7, "It was a little mound about two liundred i)aces distant from 
the river." This is an ai^parent contradiction of the statement made 
in his second account where he says, "The fort was built on the bank 
of the river, and was defended on that side by the river," but along 
this part of the river are many arms extending upward which are part 
of it; and, between which and the river proper are ridges. The fort 
l)eing on a marsh, it was evidently built on one of these arms, and the 
statement that tlie river, "In the season of the rains extends to the 
foot of it" explains what is meant by the river spreading to the foot 
of the fort in high water by overflowing the ridge. 

SE\l^:iNTlI, THE RIVER IN THE RAINY SEASON SPREAD 

TO IT 

Hennepin, in his first account said it did so. Illinois Historical 
Collection, Vol. 1, page 87. Other proof can he quoted but there is no 
contradiction of the above. The river covered the ridge and the swamj) 
as it is doing at this writing, March 23, at the East Peoria site. 

EIGHTH, THE FORT WAS NEAR THE INDIAN VILLAGE 
WHERE LA SALLE LANDED 

Hennepin says in his first publication that La Salle said that he 
had found a "post easy of defense * * * Near the Village" (Ibid 
page 87). Its alleged pui-pose was to "defend them (the Indians) 
provided they permitted us to build a fort" (Ibid page 81). The 
Indians "accepted all our projvosals and said they "would assist us 
all they could" (Ibid page 81). To say that any one of the three 
Wesley City sites is near the Village where La Salle landed, or near 
the vilhige on tlie opposite side of the river, is unreasonable. The 
distance would not only l)e four miles, but l)etween the village and 
those sites is Farm Creek, which is often a i-aging river. The creek 
is twelve miles long, skirted most of the way by steep hills, and would 
be impassable for fugitive Indians old and young after a heavy rain. 

NINTH, THE FORT AVAS BUILT ON A LITTLE MOUND 

The fort was not only built on a mouml, but the mound was a 
"little" one, so Hennepin says in his first account. Illinois Historical 
Collection, Vol. 1, i)age 87. LaSalle said it was on "a little elevation" 
or "knoll" (see letter (pioted). Hennepin also uses the wofd "em- 

10 



inence" in speaking of it (Ibid ST), ll'e uses the word "hills" re- 
peatedly (Ibid, pages 59, 62, 63). If the fort was built on the hill wliy 
did he not use that word instead of saying it was built on a "'little 
mound", an eminence or on what La Salle calls a knoll? The answer 
is he did not for the same reason that Franquelin pictured the hills, 
and the valley, and did not place the fort on a hill. We present 
Franquelin 's map showing the hills, the valley, the lake and the foi't. 




f\\ Tncetogane' 



11 



TENTH, JT WAS. BUILT ADJOINING WOODS 

Heniiei)in si)eakiiii>' of the fort in his first account says: "The 
forge was set up along the curtain which faced the wood" (Ibid, page 
88). There are fine woods on one side of the East Peoria site. 

ELEVENTH, IT ADJOINED WIDE DEEP RAVINES, MADE BY 

RAINS 

Hennepin says in his first report that "two broad deep ravines 
protected two other sides and part of the fourth" (Ibid, page 87). And 
in his second account says: The fort was "defended on one side by 
the river and on two others by two ditches the rains had made very 
deep by succession of time." These ravines or ditches were made by 
rainrS and preclude the idea of being wide deej) hollows such as adjoin 
the two hill sites. To have been made by rains the ravines must be 
upon a lower level so as to be subject to a current of water coming 
down into them and this would imply a side hill site, or a valley site, 
and not a site surrounded by jiatural hollows on a high plateau 
where no current of rain water could accumulate to make wide and 
deep ravines. 

TWELFTH, THE FORT WAS ON WATER THAT IN WINTER 
DID NOT FREEZE MUCH 

This is proved by two facts narrated by Hennepin. First, he tells 
of a young warrior who came to the fort in his canoe and "passed 
to our ship-yard." "Pie was returning from the lower part of the 
river Colbert (Mississippi) in his periagiui" (canoe). This must have 
been in the winter because Hennepin left on February 29th and the 
building of the fort and boat began the middle of January, Illinois 
Historical Collection, Vol 1, pages 87, 91 and 95. Second, When Hen- 
nepin and his two companions were on their way down the Illinois 
they met "several parties of the Islinois returning to their village 
in their periaguas loaded with meat." These Indians tried to per- 
suade them to return and the boatmen with him were disposed to do 
so but "they would have had to pass by Fort Crevecoeur where our 
Frenchmen would have stopped them" (Ibid, i)age 95) and so they 
inirsued their way. Having met these Indian who were going to their 
village in canoes loaded with meat so close past Fort Crevecoeur that 
they could be stopped by the men at the Fort, where was the channel 
that they would traverse in so doing! and where was "their Village^' 
Is it not plain that the "young warrior" and these parties of Indians 
were going u]) in a channel of spring water that flowed close to \h9 
Fort! And thut tb^ cliaunel was free from, ice in the winter? 

12 



DESCRIPTION OF THE FORT 

The fort lias been so aoeurately described that if the site on which 
it was built can be produced its reconstruction would be easy. Tlie 
channel of spring water that passed liy it in the marsh, and the exten- 
sion of that channel down to the foot of the lake opposite Peoria where 
it met the strong current of the river at that place, and the extension 
of that channel up to Omaha's camp, and the connection of it with 
the strong current of the water from the Narrows that then as now 
flowed directly toward the camp cannot be reproduced; but all this 
can be shown by borings that will show the fill of these channels made 
by 239 years wash from the higher levels. The two ravines can be 
opened up and the decayed timbers that extended along their inner 
sides, to hold the madrier in place at the bottom, and the decayed 
madrier as well as cross pieces extending to the stockade on the outer 
side of the ravines, with the evidence of the logs ])etween which the 
bottoms of the stockades were placed, the channel in the fort for the 
ingress and egress of the eight canoes, and the basin where they were 
kept, the boat yard where the boat 42 feet keel and twelve broad was 
l)uilt, the locations at the angles of the fort where the barracks were, 
and where were placed the chapel and blacksmith shop, and LaSalle 
and Tonty's hut, with the willow drains (not mentioned) to carry off 
the surface water, can be reproduced, just as described by LaSalle 
and Hennepin. Their descriptions are alike, except in a few minor 
details which are not in both. We need only give LaSalle 's description 
to get a complete idea of it. LaSalle in the letter dated September 29th 
above referred to in Margry, second volume, says : 

"On the fifteenth of January a great thaw set in which rendered 
the river navigable from Pimiteoui to the spot selected to build the 
fort. It was a little elevation or knoll about six hundred and sixty feet 
(3 arpents) from the bank, at the foot of which the river extended in 
the time of heavy rains. Two ravines, deep and large, protected the 
two sides of the fort and the fourth to about one-half, which we finished 
as a protection by a ditch that met the two ravines. AVe fortified the 
other sides of the ravines with heavy chevaux defrise and made the 
sides slope down very steeply. With the dirt that we were getting 
therefrom we built a breastwork on the high place, high enough to cov- 
er our men. The whole we covered from the base of the knoll to the top 
of the breastwork, the base of which was supported by long pieces of 
wood all around the elevation. The top of the madrier were held fast 
by other pieces of wood that extended from the thickness at the breast- 
work. In front of these works we ]>lanted all over long, pointed piles 
twenty-five feet high and one foot in diameter, and three feet deep in 

13 



the ground, bolted to the cross pieces of wood that were holding fast 
the top of the heavy pieces of timber, with a counter-sink of two feet 
and one-half in length to prevent any surprize from the enemy. We 
left the summit of the knoll as it was, the form of which was an irregu- 
lar square. We placed barracks in two of the angles for our men so 
that they would always be ready in ease of an attack. In a third angle 
facing the woods, we placed the forge. The chapel for the recollects 
or missionaries on the fourth angle and the hut for Sieur, Tonty and 
myself in the center of the place. ' ' 

Upon none of the sites except the East Peoria site can the fort 
l)e reconstructed. If we treat the hollows at the sides of the sites as 
ravines made by rains, the outer slo]ies of the hollows must be fortified 
with cheveaux de frise and the inner sides of them cut down steeply 
and the earth thus ohtained thrown up for breastworks and supported 
by madrier (heavy sawed timbers) held in |)lace at their base by long 
])ie('es of wood, and at the top by horizontal pieces of timber bolted 
(pegged) to the palisade or stockade twenty-five feet high that was 
planted 'Mn front." These hollows cannot be thus used. The bar- 
racks would be useless (at diagonal angles of course) because the hill 
would shut out from them the view of a great part of the stockade. 
The blacksmith shop would be in one hollow and the chapel in the 
other with no ])lace for the ship yard and the hut for La Salle and 
Tontv wonld be in the "center of the place," that is on top of a steep 
hill. The river would be a quarter of a mile away from the lower hill 
site and half a mile from the upper hill site. We venture to say that 
if a contract were made with a competent person to reconstruct Fort 
Creveceour on either hill site according to the orio-inal plan he would 
throw up both hands and the job, and sav that it is impossible and 
impracticable. This power to reconstruct is' we think the acid test of 
the site for if the fort will not fit the place: and if the place is more 
or less than a leaLnie from Pimiteau: and more or less than half a 
league from Omaha's camp; and more than an hours ride in a canoe 
froip obstrueting ice in March : and is not defended in any way on one 
side bv the river; and has no mai'sh in front of it; and the main bank of 
the river is more or less than 200 ]iaces away, and the river never 
s])reads over to it; and it is not near the Indian villages where LaSalle 
landed; and it is not a mound (French name tetre) but a high hill ; and 
had no ravines on the sides made by rains, these missing essentials 
.-liould cause one to sus])e(*t that ])robably the fort was built some otliei- 
])lace. If the fort could be reconstructed it would be the only French 
and Indian fort in Illinois, and would be educational as well as an in- 
teresting memento. A very full description of such forts is fountl in 
Illinois Historical Collection, Vol. 1, page 182. 

14 



UPPER HILL SITE 

If LaSalle and liis flotilla were carried by the force of the curreut 
to the shore, at the middle of the village, the upper hill site would be 
directly above that point on top of the hill and would be only half a 
mile instead of half a league away. This being so if Hennepin instead 
of saying as he did that "La Salle desired me to go down the river 
with him to choose a place to ])uild a fort" and "we proceeded with 
one of our canoes to the place" he had said they proceeded in one of 
their canoes tqj to the top of the h'dl^ there would be that much to 
support the claim of the LIpper Hill site. 

The reasons why neither location on the hill can be accepted as 
true, are: 

First: No one who saw the Fort says it was built on a hill. 

Second: The sites on the hill have on each side hollows that are 
about one hundred fifty feet dee]), and about three hundred feet across 
at the top, and the exterior slopes of these hollows, if they are to be 
treated as "wide deep ravines" were not formed by rains, and could 
not have been fortified on their "exterior slopes with cheveaux de 
friese," or have planks doweled from the Madrier to the stockade, or 
have the stockade so placed as to make the construction of the fort a 
practicable defense. 

Third : There is no i)lace on the hill for a boat yard in which to 
keep the eight canoes, or to build the ship "42 ft. keel and 12 ft." 
In-oad, which was being built while they were building the fort, nor 
could they be left at a boat yard at the river a quarter of a mile or 
half a mile from the fort. 

Fourth: If the exterior of the slopes of the ravines or hollows, 
are to be treated as the boundary of the Fort, the barracks could not 
l)e placed in two angles thereof, a chapel in the third, and blacksmith 
shop in the fourth as is shown was done, and be practical. 

Fifth: Water for drinking, cooking, washing, etc., could not be 
carried up for the white men, to say nothing of the Indians who were 
evidently working at the fort, and be kept from freezing from January 
15th, when they commenced building the Fort, until the following 
Si)ring. For these and other reasons the sites on the hill must be 
treated as the sites of fortifications of the Mound Builders, many of 
which may be found elsewhere also on the tops of the hills in Illinois, 
Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, Pennsylvania and other places as shown by 
the second chapter of "Scribner's History" of the United States, and 
by various works devoted to Mound Builders. 

15 



THE EAST PEORIA SITE 

At the Olid oi' the lake, exactly at the place where FraiKiuelin 
marks the location of Fort Crevecoeur, at a point about five hundred 
feet from the main bank of the river at its high water stage, which was 
probably tlie only stage known to Hennepin, and adjoining heavy woods 
on the hill side, with a deep ravine on one side, and another ravine 
on part of two sides, in the Village of East Peoria about on a line with 
P^ayette Street in Peoria if extended, is the East Peoria valley site, of 
Fort Crevecoeur. Within its limits are two springs of clear cold water 
issuing from a bank of gravel, the perpetual flow of each of which 
will more than fill a six inch pipe. One spring is surrounded by high 
banks in the shape of a heart. A large log about two feet wide, hewed 
on the top, is laid practically on a level, in this spring from one side 
toward the other, reaching to the center of the depression, the bank of 
which at its upper end is about ten feet high. The end of this log at the 
center of the spring is under a willow stump. The ui)per surface of the 
log had five notches cut across it, as if used for the water to pour over 
from a dam, which it made. From the bank of the spring at the end 
of the log, is a sort of "Dug "Way" from the upper level to the log, 
as if made for persons to come down upon the log, to catch the water 
in vessels as it flowed through the notches. That this heart shape to 
the Spring was artificially made is shown by the fact that on the side 
opposite the log, in cleaning out the Spring, a curved log was found 
fitted in under the embankment, and back of the log oak boards with 
saw marks straight across them. The side of the spring where the log 
extends from the willow stump to the bank, has not been dug out, but 
the log has been uncovered and is falling into decay very rapidly. 
Adjoining this curved log under the water, was found a large quantity 
of what seemed to he saw dust, extending from the curved log to the 
ends of posts standing upright in the spring water, rotted off to the 
surface of the water. LaSalle may have tried to give the name to his 
location, and preserve it, by the shape of the construction of this Spring. 
The name of the man who uncovered the notched log, and took out the 
curved log and the sui)posed saw dust, is Joseph Wade. He lives and 
has lived in Peoria for over forty years. . 

At the north-east angle, covered by spring water, has Ix'cn fonnd. 
and is now to be seen, the sills of a. structure, the exact size of some 
of which lias not yet been determined, because large willow trees are 
growing over or close to tliciii. The middle sill is about fourteen feet 
from the outer one, and has i)hinks against its outer side below water 
line. The outer one of the sills is hewed, and is ahout thirty feet long, 
and about twelve inches by eighteen square, and on its side toward the 



river has a shoulder cut into the side horizontally, about four inches 
and perpendicularly about six inches extending- its full length. On the 
line about 100 feet west of this sill, at a depth of ahout eight feet under 
the surface of the ground, Mr. J. P. Gumming, a well borer, of East 
(Peoria recently found two feet of timber along what was evidently 
the canoe channel that passed the fort. At the westerly line, between 
what is supposed to be the site of the chapel and the barracks, are to 
be found decayed wood the fibre of which shows it to have been laid 
parallel along the outside of the fort. There is a ridge above this 
decayed wood upon which good sized trees are growing. The counter- 
scarp along one of the ravines is well defined, and parts of burned 
stockades have been taken from the swamp made by the springs. In 
the diagonal corner from the sills mentioned no decayed wood is found 
under the surface indicating that barracks had been placed there and 
that the same served the place of the stockades. One of the timbers 
supposed to be a stockade was excavated from the swamp by Professors 
AVyekoff, Comstock, and Evans, of the Bradley Polytechnic School in 
Peoria, that measured a trifle over twenty-five feet in length and was 
about a foot in diameter, at the butt end. From it Professor Brewer 
of Peoria extracted with his pen knife, from what appeared to be a 
dent made in it by an arrow, a piece of flint that appeared to be part 
of an arrow. Part of another supposed stockade of red cedar timber, 
partly burned, was excavated at another place and through one side 
of it there was what seemed to be a bullet hole. Another of the sup- 
posed stockades, was excavated from the channel on the westerly side. 
It was about twenty feet long, the smaller end having rotted away. 
Professor Comstock of the Bradley Polytechnic Institute of Peoria 
made a, survey and sketch of the site giving its elevations above high 
water of the river, and its dimensions, which he kindly furnished us 
and is here presented on page 18. Upon the sketch Professor Comstock 
noted what he had found. The writer has found wood at a depth of 8 
feet below the surface at the inner side of the channel on the westerly 
side, with the fibre running parallel to the channel, and decayed wood 
at the bottom, as if the madrier holding up the embankment on the 
inner side of that channel had fallen into the cliannel. Decayed 
wood can also be found along the river side of the site at about a 
depth of three feet which the writer has good reason to believe is 
decomposed logs laid on each side of the liase of the stockades, be- 
tween the buildings in the angles. What is said in reply to these facts 
by those who claim this is not where the fort was l)uilt? Nothing but 
that a distillery was built there. It is true that a distillery was built 
across the westerly ravine and channel of water in early days, but 

17 



COMSTOCK SKETCH 




uv 



tuck. 



18 



Henry T. Baldwin, who recently died in Rockford, 111., and who was 
Mayor of Peoria in 1867 wrote the writer a letter a few years ago, 
which is in existence, saying he saw the distillery about the year 1849 
when he wa.s about 13 years old and described it as about 16 feet wide 
and about 24 feet long. He located it exactly where part of a founda- 
tion of a building of a>bout that size is to be found now. It is more than 
likely that the burned barracks also were utilized in very early days, 
and that the spring water in the site was used for dairy purposes at the 
house near the southeast corner and that many charred timbers to be 
found are modern; but these facts do not tend to explain the timbers 
under the surface laid in and around an area of more than an acre 
constituting the site of the fort. 

We have photographed a miniature model of Fort Crevecoeur, 
viewed from the north side as described by Hennepin and LaSalle 
leased upon conditions now to be found at the East Peoria site and 
present a copy of the same. 




The photograph has numl^ers which are explained as follows: 

The two numbers One represent the barracks. Number 2 rejire- 
sents a supposed provision house. Numlier 3 the blacksmith shop. 
Number 4 LaSalle and Tonti's tent; Num))er 5 the eight canoes in a 
pool that is still perpetually supplied with spring water; Number 6 

19 



the Chnpel. To the rio-lit is a oliannel, now filled up, extending oVer 
cultivated land, where the water from the westerly channel, that came 
from the Bluff above it that flowed originally along the inside of the 
westerly line was diverted from its original channel to this artificial 
channel, so as to keep the floods caused by rains from entering the 
Fort. This channel so filled is easy to trace. 

To the east side of the Fort is the curved channel that comes from 
the hill. Towards the center of the south side ot the site that coursed 
its way from ial)ont the center of that side to the easterly (left) side 
of the site, and thence along that side to the swamp, or what was then 
undonl)tedly a stream along the river side of the fort. The hill back 
of the Fort is covered with timber that is now being cut down, but the 
model shows this poorly. On the northerly or river side of the Fort, 
and close to it, is illustrated the channel of spring water, that can 
yet be traced toward the lower end of the lake opposite Peoria. There 
a strong current of the river keeps the river from freezing in the win- 
ter. It is supposed that up and down this channel the Indians on 
])oth sides of the upper end of the lake opposite Peoria traversed, 
with their canoes. Also that above their village the strong current of 
the river at the Narrows coursed its way to their village thus giving 
on the east side of the Lake opposite Peoria canoe travel in the winter 
time close to the fort. In the model, between the channel on the river 
side of the fort and the river proper, is shown a ridge. 

WHERE DID LA SALLE LAND 

La Salle and Hennepin agree in saying that the eight canoes of 
tlie flotilla came through the Narrows side by side, carried by a swift 
current, and that they were thus carried to the shore. The Narrows 
has two points, either one of which could he "doubled" as Hennepin 
expresses it, and behind which the eighty cabins full of Indians could 
be concealed. The one on the East side is where Ten Mile Creek 
empties into the Narrows, about three quarters of a mile below the 
u])iH'r lake, and about the same distance above the lake opposite Peoria. 
Tlie point on the West side is a little lower down where a small stream 
that courses its way down from Si)ringdale Cemetery empties at The 
Water Works Park into the Narrows. Each ])oint has a hill close by 
that would serve for the presentation of the cahiment mention by Ilen- 
iiei)in. The channel of the Narrows is straight and its water runs south 
and the lake into which its water empties extends southwest and north- 
east. Water unol)structed will flow in a straight line, and given the 
strong current mentioned, and the eight canoes side by side carried by 
the current, and the landing would be on the East side of the river. It 

20 



wmild contradict a natural law to say that tlie canoes would be carried 
to the AVest shore. 

THE RAILROAD SITE 

This discovery was made by one who was employed to find the 
site of the fort near where a sword, supposed to be of French origin, 
but subsequently discovered to be British, was found, and he selected 
a site that he says is of pure sand where no timber would grow. 
But trees of large size, willows in particular, will grow on sand if close 
to water. The pure sand theory is pure imagination, as no one who 
saw the fort intimated that it was built on pure sand. Nor do they 
say there was no timber on the site. The; fact is the site selected in a 
railroad yard was overflow land up to about the year 1870 and Mr. 
Ballance in his history virtually says so. It would ovei'flow now if it 
were not for the railroad embankments, and was likely in 1680 swept by 
Farm Creek. The sketch of it made by its discoverer will fit the East 
Peoria site by turning it upside down but will not fit the site described 
for it. Journal of Illinois Historical Society, Vol. 5, No. 3, January, 
1913. Its discoverer after examining the East Peoria site was asked 
what he thought of it and replied that there was too much work done 
there to have been accomplished by LaSalle and his men in the nine 
weeks between its commencement and LaSalle 's departure, on March 
22nd (Illinois Historical Collection, Vol. 1, page 131). This ignores the 
promised aid of the Indians (Ibid, page 81). There was much of the 
work the Indians could do, and likely would do, as the fort was l)eing 
))uilt for their benefit so they were told (Ibid, page 81) and they would 
want to get knives, awls, tobacco, beads, needles, axes, etc. (Ibid, pages 
95 and 80) which LaSalle had, in exchange for work. The Indians had 
built many similar forts before LaSalle's arrival. As the opponents 
of the East Peoria site seem to never tire of mentioning the distillery 
they may think the work done was about the right amount for a dis- 
tillery built at such a place in the forties. 

THE WESLEY CITY SITE 

This site is on the river l:ank, but has no marsh in front of it, 
has no ravines as described by La Salle and Hennepin, is not near the 
Indian villages, is not within half a league of Omaha's camp, nor within 
a league of Pimiteoui, and has no spring water or place to keep the 
boats. 

CONCLUSION 

The lost site has not been found because the words ''ravines" and 
"ditches" made by rains have been considered hollows made by the 

21 



flood that formed all the hills and hollows; and, by adopting the lake 
opposite Peoria as one of the three lakes composing Lake Pimiteoui 
instead of treating it as the fourth lake mentioned ))y LaSalle. There 
must have been a lake alcove the island at Chillicothe to create the 
three straits that La Salle says connected the three lakes and to make 
the fourth lake that La Salle describes. It will not do to call tlie lake 
just above the Narrows the "middle or small lake" liecause it is larger 
than both the lake just below Chillicothe and the lake opposite Peoria 
if the two were combined. It is only by abandoning what is said l)y 
those who know, and adopting the fancies of those who do not know, 
that the site of the fort has been located at four of the sites. 

There was introduced by the Hon. Ben L. Smith, of Pekin, 111., on 
March 19th, 1919, House Bill No. 381, to our Legislature to "Establish 
and maintain The Fort Crevecoeur Park in Tazewell County, Illinois." 
It provides for the procurement by "donation, purchase or otherwise," 
of "a tract of land in Tazewell County containing not fewer than forty 
acres in Section one (Township not given), to "be set apart for a State 
Park and shall be known as 'Fort Crevecoeur State Park." The Bill 
has been printed and referred to the Committee on Appropriations. The 
only Section One within miles of any of the five sites is Section One in 
Pekin Township. Wesley City is partly in Grovcland township and partly 
in Pekin Township, the part where the Wesley City site is located being 
in Pekin township. This being so, the Bill contemplates establishing the 
site of Fort Crevecoeur at the Lower Hill site. A public road at State 
and Countv expense is projected across said Section One, extending from 
Pekin to East Peoria; and, if a Park bought, improved and maintained 
at State expense can be established on that road the sponsors of the Bill 
need not worry as to whether the Fort was built one place or another, 
or whether it ever existed. 



22 



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